Obv. Helmeted head of bearded Mars r, mark of value ↓X (60) below
Rev. Eagle facing right on thunderbolt, ROMA below

mounted page

Obv. Helmeted head of Roma right, mark of value "X" behind
Rev. Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) galloping right, crescent above, ROMA in linear frame

Obv. LIBO, Head of Roma right, mark of value X below chin, LIBO behind
Rev. Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) galloping right, Q MARC (MA in monogram) below, ROMA in exergue

Sear: "This marks the first fundamental change in the obverse design of the denarius, the mark of value being moved in front of Roma and replaced by the moneyer's cognomen."

Obv. Head of Roma right wearing winged helmet surmounted by eagle's beak; wreath
behind head, ROMA below
Rev. Two Dioscouri riding in opposite directions carrying spears; star and crescent above; SERVEILI M F in exurgue

The earliest use of "ROMA" on obverse rather than reverse

Obv. Helmeted head of Roma wearing Attic helmet right, mark of value "X" behind, encircled by moneyer's name C. MALLE CF
Rev. Gallic warrior, perhaps Bituitus, in biga right, holding shield and carnyx and hurling spear; L LIC CN DOM in exergue

The earleist use of denarious serratus. This issue, distinguished by flans with serrated edges, was first minted at the newly founded city of Narbo, the first Roman colony in Gaul. The two principal magistrates (Licinius Crassus and Domitius Ahenobarbus) produced their coins in association with five junior colleagues.

Obv. Helmeted head of Roma right, mark of value "X" behind, M CIPI MF before
Rev. Victory in biga right, holding palm-branch, rudder below, ROMA in exergue

Obv. Laureate head of Jupiter left
Rev. Jupiter driving fast quadriga right, preparing to cast thunderbolt and holding scepter and reins; control letter •G above

The reason for the introduction of denarii with notched edges at the Rome mint at this time is unknown (they had first been struck in Gaul 12 years earlier, see example above)

mounted page

Obv.  Mars with crested helmet facing left
Rev. Roman soldier advancing right protecting fallen comrade at his feet from barbarian soldier at right

Obv.  Laureated head of Apollo right, vine leaf behind
Rev.  Horseman galloping right holding palm branch and reins. L PISO FRVGI III below

One of the principal war coinages minted in Rome during the conflict with the Marsic Confederation.

Obv.  Laureated head of Apollo right, PANSA behind
Rev.  Minerva in quadriga right, holding trophy and spear, C VIBIVS CF in exergue

Obv.  Bare head of bearded King Tatius, SABIN behind, TA in monogram before
Rev.  Two Roman soldiers running, each bearing a Sabine woman in his arms (the rape of the Sabine women), L. TITVRI in exergue

ex Dr. Fontana

Obv.  Draped bust of Mercury right, wearing winged petasus, caduceus over shoulder control letter "E" behind
Rev.  Ulysses walking right, holding staff and extending hand to his dog Argos to right, C MAMIL on left, LIMETAN (TA in monogram) on right

The obverse and reverse of this coin refer to the lineage of the gens Mamilia, who claimed their descent from Mamilia, the daughter of Telegonus, the son of Ulysses and Circe, and a descendant of Mercury. The reverse scene depicts the moment when, returning home from the Trojan Wars in the guise of a beggar so as to surprise and kill the many suitors of his wife Penelope, Ulysses' aged dog Argos recognizes him

Obv.  Diademed head of Venus right wearing earing and pearl necklace, S C (Sentus Consulto) behind
Rev.  Victory driving galloping triga right, IXXXX above, C NAE BALB in exergue

This represents coinage from a large output specially authorized by decree of the Senate necessitated by the extensive military operations during the dictatorship of Sulla. The three-horse chariot (triga) is rarely depicted on Republican coinage (1 other).

Obv.  Helmeted head of Roma right with control mark XI behind
Rev. She-wolf walking left, ROMA above; P SATRIENVS in exergue.  She-wolf walking left 

Obv.  Bust of the Genius of the Roman People right, G.P.R. above, scepter over right shoulder
Rev.  Globe between wreathed scepter and rudder, EX - SC (= Sentus Consulto, "by Decree of the Senate") in field, CN LEN. Q. below 

Lentulus strikes in Spain in his capacity as quaestor to the proconsul Pompey, who had been sent to the peninsula to assist in a protracted war

ex Jacob Stein, Gemini V auction

Obv. Diademed and draped bust of Libertas, SC below chin, MENSOR before, cap and control IIIXX↑ behind
Rev. Warrier in biga holding spear helping togate figure into chariot, scorpion below, L FARSVLEI in exrgue

the Sear plate coin

Obv. Conjoined heads of Honos and Virtus, former laureated, later helmeted, HO behind, VIRT (RT in monogram) before, KALENI below
Rev. Italia standing right holfding cornucopiae, clasping hands with Roma standing left holding spear, foot on globe, caduceus above ITAL (TAL in monogram) on left, RO on right, CORDI in exergue

ex A. Lynn

Obv.  Bare head of beared king Tatius TA in monogram below chin, SABIVS behind, SC before
Rev. Magistrate in slow biga holding staff, ear of corn behind, IVDEX above, T VETTIVS in exurgue

mounted page

Obv.  Q. POMONI MVSA, diademed head of Apollo right
Rev. Hercules playing lyre, club at feet, HERCVLES at left MVSARVM at right

Reverse type depicts Hercules as leader of the nine muses. This is the first type created by Musa as a play on his name, the others depict the nine muses over which Apollo presided.

Obv.  [L. Rosci] Head of Juno Sospita right, shield
Rev. Girl and snake facing each other, helmeted, FABATI

Reverse type depicts yearly scene at festival in honor of Juno Sospita when a virgin descended into the grotto under the temple with food for the serpent who dwelt there.

Obv.  Veiled and draped bust of Vesta left, C before, kylix behind
Rev.  Togate voter standing left depositing ballot inscribed V into voting box, LONGIN III V behind 

Sear: The control letters on obverse spell out the moneyer's praenomen and nomen, L CASSI (one S reversed)

ex Jacob Stein, Gemini V auction

Obv.  King Aretas kneeling beside camel holding olive branch, M SCARV above, (refers to the defeat of the Nabathean Arabs), EX SC in field
Rev. Jupiter in Quadriga with thunderbolt, C HVPSAEVS AED CVR above, CAPTVM on right, C HVPSAE COS below

Struck to commemorate the defeat of Aretas III by Pompey's general Marcus Scaurus. An early instance of moneyer commemorating an event connected with his own history. M. Aemilius, Governor of Syria, stopped the incursion of the Nabathean Arabians and forced Aretas to submit and pay a fine of 300 talents to Pompey.

Obv. A PLAVTIVS before, AED CVR SC behind , turreted hd of Cybele right
Rev. supplicant offering palm-branch, camel behind, IVDAEVS before, BACCHIVS below

Sear: "Aulus Plautius strike as curule aedile. The problematic interpretation of the reverse type appears to have been most successfully resolved by Harlan in RRM (pp 116-118) who identified the kneeling figure as Aristobulus, the Jewish high priest, then held captive by Pompey in Rome"

(54 BC)

Obv. head of Liberty right, LIBERTAS behind
Rev. Consul L. Junius Brutus (consul 509 BC) walking left between two lictors and preceded by an accensus, BRUTVS in exergue

Sear: The most famous of Caesar's assassins in 44 BC M. Junius Brutus had lost his father while a young boy and was adopted by his uncle Q. Servilius Caepio, thus changing his name to Q. Caepio Brutus. Coin type refers to his illustrious ancestry and his patriotic devotion to the freedom of the Republic.

ex Jacob Stein, Gemini V auction

gold stater, 8.42g, RPC 701, RF P-1, ca. 50 B.C.

SKYTHIA, Geto-Dacians. Koson.

obv. Roman consul accompanied by two lictors; monogram to left
rev. Eagle standing left on scepter, holding wreath

Coson-Cotiso(n), a Getic king with whom Octavian had apparently been arranging an alliance-by-marriage. Possibly imitated from the denarii of M. Brutus (see RF R-8 above) and probably produced in the area of modern Transylvania in the second half of the first century.

The monogram that has been read to as a BA monogram for Greek "Bacilos" (king) - such a BA monogram is known to have been used for the Thracian king Rhoemetalces I.

CNG: Rendered as Cotiso(n) in the literary sources, this name can be reconciled with Coson, a local Geto-Dacian king for whom these staters, and perhaps associated silver coins, are the only known coinage. It is this king Cotiso(n) to whom Octavian had sought to arrange an alliance-by-marriage with his daughter Julia marrying Koson's son, and himself, Koson's daughter. This negotiation angered Mark Antony, to whose son Julia had originally been promised, and exacerbated the rift between Octavian and himself. The local usage of Roman coin types in the region during the last century BC demonstrates the economic ties between Dacia and Rome, but the struggle between Antony and Octavian revealed the region's strategic and diplomatic significance, by increasing the local king's power and prestige and affording him the opportunity to strike his own coins.

(49 BC)

Obv. Head of Apollo right, close-fitting band obscured by fullness of hair, L• LENT• C• MARC (NT and MA ligatured) before, COS behind
Rev. Nude Jupiter standing half-right, holding thunderbolt in right hand and in left palm eagle standing half-right with head reverted, garlanded altar before, star over Q in left field

The exiled consuls for 49 BC here strike in support of Pompey

Obv. Head of Medusa facing with dishevelled hair, below, L·PLAVTIVS
Rev. Victory facing, holding palm branch in left hand and leading four horses, inscribed  PLANCV below

Obv.  CONCORDIA.  Veiled head of Concordia right
Rev. L MVSSIDIVS LONGVS, shrine of Venus Cloacina consisting of circular platform surmounted by two statues of goddess, inscribed CLOACIN below.

Cloacina was worshipped by the Romans as the goddess of the Cloaca Maxima (the main sewage drain) and of the entire sewer system. The remains of the shrine are still visible. Pliny reports that when the Romans and the Sabines decided to make peace, both laid down their weapons at the location of the shrine and purified themselves.

Obv.  Axe, simpulum and sacrificial knife, BRVTVS below
Rev. Jug and lituus, LENTVLVS SPINT below

Obv.  Tripod surmounted by cauldron, fillet hanging on either side, C CASSI on left, IMP on right
Rev. Jug and lituus, LENTVLVS SPINT below

Obv.  Elephant r trampling serpent, CAESAR below
Rev. Simpulum, sprinkler, axe and priest's hat

Obv.  M ANT IMP AVG III VIR RPC M BARBAT Q P (MP and AV in mongram), bare head of Mark Antony right
Rev. CAESAR IMP PONT III VIR R P C, bare head of Octavian right

Obv.  ANTAVG III VIR RPC War galley r., tyros behind prow
Rev. LEG II Legionary aquilla between standards

Seaby: "struck by Antony for the use of his fleet and legions when he was preparing for the struggle with Octavian. ... of baser metal than ordinary currency."

Obv.  ANTAVG III VIR RPC War galley r., tyros behind prow
Rev. LEG X Legionary aquilla between standards

Seaby: "struck by Antony for the use of his fleet and legions when he was preparing for the struggle with Octavian. ... of baser metal than ordinary currency."